Fade the Butcher
01-17-2007, 12:46 AM
The purpose of this thread is to confirm incidents from the JesusNeverExisted.com timeline (http://www.jesusneverexisted.com/dark-age.htm) and expand it with new entries as I come across them.
40 - Philo of Alexandria (Philo Judaeus): wrote first commentary on creation account in Genesis and originated the handmaiden approach to scripture and faith. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B]1st century[/B] - Two important Latin encyclopedic authors who had a significant influence on the Middle Ages: Seneca (d.68), who wrote [I]Natural Questions[/I], and Pliny (23/24-27), the author of the [I]Natural History[/I] in thirty-seven books. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B]2nd century[/B] - Claudius Ptolemy wrote the most important books on astronomy and astrology in the ancient world. Galen was the greatest physician in antiquity whose medical treatises were dominant until the seventeenth century. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B](184-254)[/B] - Life of Origen, a famous Christian philosopher and scholar who showed that Greek philosophy was compatible with Christianity. Later denounced by St. Jerome and condemned as a heretic. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B](204-270)[/B] - Life of Plotinus, founder of Neoplatonism.
[B]215 [/B]- Clement of Alexandria: one of earliest Church Fathers to advocate that science and philosophy can be studied as handmaidens to theology and fiath.
[B]226[/B] - Ardashir founds Sasanian dynasty in Persia.
[B](241-72)[/B] - Shapur I of Persia.
[B](251-356)[/B] - St. Anthony of Egypt, famous ascetic.
[B](293-373)[/B] - Life of Athanasius
[B](300-367)[/B] - Life of Hilary of Poitiers.
[B](309-379)[/B] - Shapur II of Persia.
[B](310-400)[/B] - Ausonius, poet.
[B](311-81)[/B] - Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths.
[B]313 -[/B] The Roman emperor Constantine issues the [B]Edict of Milan[/B], or Edict of Toleration, which conferred on Christianity full legal equality with all other religions in the Roman Empire. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B]314 [/B]- Birth of Libanius in Antioch, famous pagan orator.
[b]315[/b] - Donatist, Bishop of Carthage, denies the efficacy of sacraments administered by priests in a state of sin.
[B]324 [/B]- Constantine and his engineers survey the site of Byzantium as the planned location for his new capital. Construction of Constantinople begins.
(???) - Constantine discourages pagan ceremonies and sacrifices. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B]325 [/B]- [B]Council of Nicaea[/B], denounces the Arian heresy and formulates the Nicene Creed proclaiming that the Son was "consubstantial, of one substance with Father". Arius deposed from his see and banished. A majority of bishops in the east openly or secretly side with Arius, and the controversy over Arianism continues until the Council of Constantinope in 381. [Durant, 1950, p.7]
[B](325-391)[/B] - Ammianus Marcellinus, historian.
[B](329-379)[/B] - Life of St. Basil. Saint Basil of Caesarea: regarded as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, was bishop of Caesarea from 370-379, and an opponent of Arianism. As a famous preacher, many of his homilies were preserved. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B](329-389)[/B] - Life of Gregory Nazianzen.
[B]330[/B] - Dedication of Constantinople as the new capital of the "Christian Empire."
Constantine flees Greece of pagan architecture to decorate his new captial. [Durant, 1950, pg,5]
[B]331 [/B]- Constantine invites Arius to a personal conference, finds no heresy in him, and recommends the restoration of Arius and the Arians to their churches. Bishop Athanasius protests. [ Durant, 1950, p.7]
Birth of Julian.
[B]335 [/B]- Bishop Athanasius, a stalwart supporter of the Trinity, deposed from his see in Alexandria by a council of Eastern bishops at Tyre. [Durant, 1950, p.7]
[B]337[/B] - Death of Constantine. Constantine is baptized on his deathbed by an Arian bishop, Eusebius of Nicomedia. [Durant, 1950, p.8] Afterwards, Athanasius is restored to his see.
[B]339 [/B]- Bishop Athanasius deposed from his see for a second time. A new church ecumenical council declares the [I]likeness[/I], not the [I]consubstantiality[/I], of Christ with the Father. Supporters of the Nicene Creed deposed from their sees. Athanasius will flee from his see on three more occasions. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B]340 [/B]- Athanasius restored to his see by Pope Julius I.
[B](340-398)[/B] - Life of St. Ambrose.
[B](340-420)[/B] - Life of St. Jerome.
[B]341[/B] - A council of Eastern bishops deposes Athanasius from his see and appoints a new bishop named Gregory in his place at Alexandria. [ Durant, 1950. p.8]
[B]342[/B] - Murderous riots over theology break out in Alexandria. Athanasius flees the city to end the bloodshed. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B](342-343)[/B] - More riots over theology in Constantinople after Constantinus deposes the Orthodox bishop Paul and replaces him with the Arian Macedonius. Three thousand people lose their lives in the controversy. More Christians are slaughtered by other Christians during these years than were killed in all the persecutions by the pagan emperors. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
(???) - "Constans forbids pagan sacrifices and ceremonies on the pain of death; Constantinus orders all pagan temples in the Empire closed, and all pagan rituals to cease. Those who disobeyed were to forfeit their property and their lives; and these penalties were extended to provincial governors neglecting to enforce the decree." [ Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B](345-407)[/B] - Life of St. John Chrysostom.
[B](345-410)[/B] - Life of Symmachus, senator.
[B](348-410)[/B] - Prudentius, poet.
[B]350[/B] - Hunnic attacks on Alans east of River Don and Gothic Greuthungi west of Don destablize area north and east of Black Sea.
[B](353-361)[/B] - Reign of Constantius as sole emperor. Constantius was an Arian. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B](354-430)[/B] - Life of St. Augustine. A prolific Latin author who exerted an enormous influence on medieval theology. Like many church fathers, he advocated the handmaiden approach to secular learning. [Grant, 2004, p.xv]
[B]355[/B] - Julian banished to Athens, studies philosophy under Themistius, secretly initiated into the Eleusian Mysteries. Later appointed Caesar by Constantinus II and assigned to the government of Gaul. [Durant, 1950, pp.11-12]
[B]356 [/B]- Julian defeats the Alammani and drives them out of Gaul.
[B](359-408)[/B] - Stilicho, [I]patricius[/I].
[B](361-363)[/B] - Reign of Julian.
[FONT=Arial][COLOR=#ff0000][I][B][SIZE=3]361 to 363 Religious tolerance and restoration of the pagan cults is declared in Constantinople (11th December 361) by the pagan emperor Julian. Orders the restoration of pagan temples, confiscated pagan property, and renews the accustomed state revenues of pagan cults.[/SIZE][/B][/I][/COLOR][/FONT]
[Durant, 1950, p.15]
"He withdrew from the Christian Church all state subsidies, and closed to Christians the chairs of rhetoric, philosophy, and literature in the universities, on the grounds that these subjects could be taught with sympathy only by pagans. He ended the exemption of Christian clergy from taxation and burdensome civic duties, and the free use of the bishops of the facilities supplied for the public post. He forbade legacies to churches; made Christians ineligible to governmental offices; ordered the Christians of each community to make full reparation for any damage that they had inflicted upon pagan temples during preceding reigns; and permitted the demolition of Christian churches that had been built upon the illegally seized lands of pagan shrines." [Durant, 1950, p.18]
Julian orders the restoration of a sacred shrine to Apollo in Antioch (it had been transformed into an amusement part). [Durant, 1950, p.19] Launches an unsuccessful campaign against the Persians in which he is killed.
[b]362[/b] - St. Martin founds a monastery at Poitiers; the first of many that will spring up in Gaul. [Durant, p.57]
[B](363-364)[/B] - Reign of Jovian. Transfers state financial support from the pagan temples to the Church. [Durant, 1950, p.21]
[B](364-367)[/B] - Reign of Valentinian I, Western emperor.
Valentinian issues an edict proclaiming freedom of creed and worship for all. [Durant, 1950, p.25]
??? Priscus, a Neoplatonic philosopher and advisor to Julian, is [B]arrested[/B] by Valens and Valentinian I on a charge of using magic to give them fever. [Durant, 1950, p.123]
[B](364-378)[/B] - Reign of Valens, Eastern emperor.
[B](365-408)[/B] - Claudian, poet.
[B](366-384)[/B] - Pope Damasus I.
[B]372[/B] - Huns cross the Volga.
[B](375-383)[/B] - Gratian, Western emperor.
[B]375 [/B]- After death in battle of a second leader, one major group of Greuthungi moves west into territory of neighboring Gothic Tervingi.
[B]376 [/B]- [B]Greuthungi and 'larger part' of Tervingi arrive on Danube requesting asylum inside Roman Empire.[/B]
[B]377 [/B]- Initial revolt of Tervingi; Greuthungi force their way across Danube.
[B]377/378[/B] - 1st phase of Gothic war, confined to eastern Balkans.
[B]378 [/B]- [B]Battle of Adrianople[/B]. Catastrophic Roman defeat at the hands of the Visigoths. Death of Valens, Eastern Emperor.
[B]379 [/B]- Theon, Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician, last known curator of the museum and father of Hypatia.
[B](379-381)[/B] - 2nd phase of Gothic war spreads to western Balkans.
[B](379-395)[/B] - Reign of Theodosius I.
[u][b]The Syrian Issac founds the first monastery in Constantinople; similar institutions rapidly multiply; by 400 the monks were a power and a terror in the city, [/u][/b]playing a noisy role in the conflicts of patriarch with patriarch, and of patriarch with emperor. [Durant, p.62]
[B]380 [/B]- [B][U]The Emperor Gratian[/U][/B] [B][U]declares the Nicene Creed compulsory "on all the peoples subject to the governments of our clemency," and denounces as "mad and insane" the followers of other faiths. [/U][/B][Durant, , 1950, p.34]
[B]382 [/B]- Peace treaty ends the war (Oct.3); Tervingi and Greuthungi settled in Balkans on relatively generous terms.
[B][U]The Emperor Gratian orders an end to payments by the imperial or municipal treastures for pagan ceremonies, vestal virgins, or priests; confiscates all lands belonging to temples and priestly colleges; and orders his agents to remove the statue of the goddess of victory from the Senate. Banishment of Symmachus from Rome.[/U][/B] [Durant, 1950, p.34]
[B](382-391)[/B] - Altar of Victory removed from Senate. Controversy between Ambrose and Symmachus. [Durant, 1950, p.2; Freeman, 1999, p.430]
[B]385 [/B]- A Spanish bishop, Priscillian, is accused by two bishops of preaching Manicheism and universal celibacy. Tried before the usurping Emperor Maximus at Trier, found guility, and [B]burned at the stake[/B] along with several of his companions. [Durant, 1950, p.47]
[u][b]Theodosius orders the closure of the Oracle of Delphi.[/u][/b] [Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[B]386 [/B]- More Greuthungi try to cross Danube; defeated by Theodosius and settled on harsh terms in Asia Minor.
[B]387 [/B]- Baptism of St. Augustine.
[B]387/388 -[/B] Theodosius I defeats Maximus; Balkan Goths involved in war and some revolt.
[b]388[/b] - Augustinian order founded in North Africa.
Destruction of a Jewish synagogue by a Christian mob. Theodosius orders the local bishop to rebuild it. Relents under pressure from Ambrose. [u][b]End of religious tolerance in practice. [/u][/b][Freeman, 1999, p429]
[B](389-461)[/B] - St. Patrick.
[b](390-459)[/b] - Life of Simeon Stylites, famous Syrian ascetic.
[B]390 [/B]- Massacare of 7,000 men, women, and children in the Hippodrome by Theosodius. [Durant, 1950, p.26]
Penance of Theodosius: strips himself of all the insignia of the empire, enters a cathedral as a humble penitent, and begs heaven to forgive his sins.
[B]390s[/B] - [u][b]Disappearance of bath houses and gymnasia. [/u][/b]
"The [i]Gymnasia[/i], centers of intellectual as much as sporting activities, had disappeared by the 390s. "it was the collapse of the [i]Gymnasia[/i], the focal point of Hellenism, more than any other event which brought int the Middle Ages," as one scholar has put it. Bath houses also disappear. At Hieriopolis in Asia the bath house becomes a church." [Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[B]391[/B] - [u][b]Edict of Theodosius prohibits pagan sacrifice.[/u][/b]
[B]391/2[/B] - In Alexandria, Egypt, pagans, led by the philosopher Olympius, revolt and after some street fights they lock themselves inside the fortified temple of the god Serapis (the Serapeion). [u][B]After a violent siege, the Christians take over the building, demolish it, burn its famous library and profane the cult images. [/B][/u] [Durant, 1950, p.61; Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[u][b]"In Syria the pagan temples were disposed of in the manner of Theophilus. Imperial edicts ordered them closed;[/u][/b] the surviving pagans resisted the order but resigned themselves to defeat on noting the indifference with which their gods accepted destruction." [Durant, p.62]
[B]392[/B] - Assassination of Valentinian II in Gaul.
[B](392-394)[/B] - Reign of Eugenius as Western Emperor, usurper. Restores statue of Victory. Defeated in a two-day battle near Aquileia by Theodosius. Balkan Goths again involved in war and further revolt.
[B]393/4[/B] - [B][U]The Olympic Games are outlawed[/U][/B] by Theodosius.
(???) - Epicureanism outlawed. [Durant, 1950, p.9]
[B]394 [/B]- Theodosius compels the Senate to [u][b]issue a decree abolishing paganism in all its forms.[/u][/b] [Durant, 1950, p.35]
"The building of the great temple to Apollo at the oracle of Didyma ceases ("templates" for the shapes of column bases are still to be seen on the temple walls). At Aphrodisias the great temple to Aphrodite is given an apse as it is transformed into a Christian church." [Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[B](394-423)[/B] - Reign of Honorius as Western Emperor.
[B](395-408)[/B] - Reign of Arcadius as Eastern Emperor.
[B]395/396[/B] - First major Hunnic attack on Roman Empire, via Caucasus (Persian Empire also heavily affected).
[B](395-411)[/B] -[B] Alaric reigns over Tervingi and those Greuthungi encompassed by 382 treaty.[/B]
[B](395-397)[/B] - Alaric's 1st revolt.
[B]395[/B] - [U][B]End of Eleusian Mysteries[/B].[/U] Two new edicts (22nd July and 7th August) cause new persecutions against pagans. Rufinus, the eunuch Prime Minister of Emperor Flavius [B]Arcadius[/B] directs the hordes of baptised Goths (led by Alaric) to the country of the Hellenes. [B][I]Encouraged by Christian monks[/I] the barbarians sack and burn many cities[/B] (Dion, Delphi, Megara, Corinth, Pheneos, Argos, Nemea, Lycosoura, Sparta, Messene, Phigaleia, Olympia, etc.), slaughter or enslave innumerable gentile Hellenes and burn down all the temples.[B] Among others, they burn down the Eleusinian Sanctuary and burn alive all its priests (including the hierophant of Mithras [I]Hilarius[/I]). [/B][Durant, 1950, p.9]
[B]397[/B] - [I]Confessions[/I] of St. Augustine.
Treaty between Alaric and Eutropius; Alaric becomes Roman general commanding Illyricum.
[B]399 [/B]- Fall of Eutropius; end of treaty.
[B]400 [/B]- [I]Saturnalia[/I] of Macrobius.
40 - Philo of Alexandria (Philo Judaeus): wrote first commentary on creation account in Genesis and originated the handmaiden approach to scripture and faith. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B]1st century[/B] - Two important Latin encyclopedic authors who had a significant influence on the Middle Ages: Seneca (d.68), who wrote [I]Natural Questions[/I], and Pliny (23/24-27), the author of the [I]Natural History[/I] in thirty-seven books. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B]2nd century[/B] - Claudius Ptolemy wrote the most important books on astronomy and astrology in the ancient world. Galen was the greatest physician in antiquity whose medical treatises were dominant until the seventeenth century. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B](184-254)[/B] - Life of Origen, a famous Christian philosopher and scholar who showed that Greek philosophy was compatible with Christianity. Later denounced by St. Jerome and condemned as a heretic. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B](204-270)[/B] - Life of Plotinus, founder of Neoplatonism.
[B]215 [/B]- Clement of Alexandria: one of earliest Church Fathers to advocate that science and philosophy can be studied as handmaidens to theology and fiath.
[B]226[/B] - Ardashir founds Sasanian dynasty in Persia.
[B](241-72)[/B] - Shapur I of Persia.
[B](251-356)[/B] - St. Anthony of Egypt, famous ascetic.
[B](293-373)[/B] - Life of Athanasius
[B](300-367)[/B] - Life of Hilary of Poitiers.
[B](309-379)[/B] - Shapur II of Persia.
[B](310-400)[/B] - Ausonius, poet.
[B](311-81)[/B] - Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths.
[B]313 -[/B] The Roman emperor Constantine issues the [B]Edict of Milan[/B], or Edict of Toleration, which conferred on Christianity full legal equality with all other religions in the Roman Empire. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B]314 [/B]- Birth of Libanius in Antioch, famous pagan orator.
[b]315[/b] - Donatist, Bishop of Carthage, denies the efficacy of sacraments administered by priests in a state of sin.
[B]324 [/B]- Constantine and his engineers survey the site of Byzantium as the planned location for his new capital. Construction of Constantinople begins.
(???) - Constantine discourages pagan ceremonies and sacrifices. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B]325 [/B]- [B]Council of Nicaea[/B], denounces the Arian heresy and formulates the Nicene Creed proclaiming that the Son was "consubstantial, of one substance with Father". Arius deposed from his see and banished. A majority of bishops in the east openly or secretly side with Arius, and the controversy over Arianism continues until the Council of Constantinope in 381. [Durant, 1950, p.7]
[B](325-391)[/B] - Ammianus Marcellinus, historian.
[B](329-379)[/B] - Life of St. Basil. Saint Basil of Caesarea: regarded as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, was bishop of Caesarea from 370-379, and an opponent of Arianism. As a famous preacher, many of his homilies were preserved. [Grant, 2004, p.xiv]
[B](329-389)[/B] - Life of Gregory Nazianzen.
[B]330[/B] - Dedication of Constantinople as the new capital of the "Christian Empire."
Constantine flees Greece of pagan architecture to decorate his new captial. [Durant, 1950, pg,5]
[B]331 [/B]- Constantine invites Arius to a personal conference, finds no heresy in him, and recommends the restoration of Arius and the Arians to their churches. Bishop Athanasius protests. [ Durant, 1950, p.7]
Birth of Julian.
[B]335 [/B]- Bishop Athanasius, a stalwart supporter of the Trinity, deposed from his see in Alexandria by a council of Eastern bishops at Tyre. [Durant, 1950, p.7]
[B]337[/B] - Death of Constantine. Constantine is baptized on his deathbed by an Arian bishop, Eusebius of Nicomedia. [Durant, 1950, p.8] Afterwards, Athanasius is restored to his see.
[B]339 [/B]- Bishop Athanasius deposed from his see for a second time. A new church ecumenical council declares the [I]likeness[/I], not the [I]consubstantiality[/I], of Christ with the Father. Supporters of the Nicene Creed deposed from their sees. Athanasius will flee from his see on three more occasions. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B]340 [/B]- Athanasius restored to his see by Pope Julius I.
[B](340-398)[/B] - Life of St. Ambrose.
[B](340-420)[/B] - Life of St. Jerome.
[B]341[/B] - A council of Eastern bishops deposes Athanasius from his see and appoints a new bishop named Gregory in his place at Alexandria. [ Durant, 1950. p.8]
[B]342[/B] - Murderous riots over theology break out in Alexandria. Athanasius flees the city to end the bloodshed. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B](342-343)[/B] - More riots over theology in Constantinople after Constantinus deposes the Orthodox bishop Paul and replaces him with the Arian Macedonius. Three thousand people lose their lives in the controversy. More Christians are slaughtered by other Christians during these years than were killed in all the persecutions by the pagan emperors. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
(???) - "Constans forbids pagan sacrifices and ceremonies on the pain of death; Constantinus orders all pagan temples in the Empire closed, and all pagan rituals to cease. Those who disobeyed were to forfeit their property and their lives; and these penalties were extended to provincial governors neglecting to enforce the decree." [ Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B](345-407)[/B] - Life of St. John Chrysostom.
[B](345-410)[/B] - Life of Symmachus, senator.
[B](348-410)[/B] - Prudentius, poet.
[B]350[/B] - Hunnic attacks on Alans east of River Don and Gothic Greuthungi west of Don destablize area north and east of Black Sea.
[B](353-361)[/B] - Reign of Constantius as sole emperor. Constantius was an Arian. [Durant, 1950, p.8]
[B](354-430)[/B] - Life of St. Augustine. A prolific Latin author who exerted an enormous influence on medieval theology. Like many church fathers, he advocated the handmaiden approach to secular learning. [Grant, 2004, p.xv]
[B]355[/B] - Julian banished to Athens, studies philosophy under Themistius, secretly initiated into the Eleusian Mysteries. Later appointed Caesar by Constantinus II and assigned to the government of Gaul. [Durant, 1950, pp.11-12]
[B]356 [/B]- Julian defeats the Alammani and drives them out of Gaul.
[B](359-408)[/B] - Stilicho, [I]patricius[/I].
[B](361-363)[/B] - Reign of Julian.
[FONT=Arial][COLOR=#ff0000][I][B][SIZE=3]361 to 363 Religious tolerance and restoration of the pagan cults is declared in Constantinople (11th December 361) by the pagan emperor Julian. Orders the restoration of pagan temples, confiscated pagan property, and renews the accustomed state revenues of pagan cults.[/SIZE][/B][/I][/COLOR][/FONT]
[Durant, 1950, p.15]
"He withdrew from the Christian Church all state subsidies, and closed to Christians the chairs of rhetoric, philosophy, and literature in the universities, on the grounds that these subjects could be taught with sympathy only by pagans. He ended the exemption of Christian clergy from taxation and burdensome civic duties, and the free use of the bishops of the facilities supplied for the public post. He forbade legacies to churches; made Christians ineligible to governmental offices; ordered the Christians of each community to make full reparation for any damage that they had inflicted upon pagan temples during preceding reigns; and permitted the demolition of Christian churches that had been built upon the illegally seized lands of pagan shrines." [Durant, 1950, p.18]
Julian orders the restoration of a sacred shrine to Apollo in Antioch (it had been transformed into an amusement part). [Durant, 1950, p.19] Launches an unsuccessful campaign against the Persians in which he is killed.
[b]362[/b] - St. Martin founds a monastery at Poitiers; the first of many that will spring up in Gaul. [Durant, p.57]
[B](363-364)[/B] - Reign of Jovian. Transfers state financial support from the pagan temples to the Church. [Durant, 1950, p.21]
[B](364-367)[/B] - Reign of Valentinian I, Western emperor.
Valentinian issues an edict proclaiming freedom of creed and worship for all. [Durant, 1950, p.25]
??? Priscus, a Neoplatonic philosopher and advisor to Julian, is [B]arrested[/B] by Valens and Valentinian I on a charge of using magic to give them fever. [Durant, 1950, p.123]
[B](364-378)[/B] - Reign of Valens, Eastern emperor.
[B](365-408)[/B] - Claudian, poet.
[B](366-384)[/B] - Pope Damasus I.
[B]372[/B] - Huns cross the Volga.
[B](375-383)[/B] - Gratian, Western emperor.
[B]375 [/B]- After death in battle of a second leader, one major group of Greuthungi moves west into territory of neighboring Gothic Tervingi.
[B]376 [/B]- [B]Greuthungi and 'larger part' of Tervingi arrive on Danube requesting asylum inside Roman Empire.[/B]
[B]377 [/B]- Initial revolt of Tervingi; Greuthungi force their way across Danube.
[B]377/378[/B] - 1st phase of Gothic war, confined to eastern Balkans.
[B]378 [/B]- [B]Battle of Adrianople[/B]. Catastrophic Roman defeat at the hands of the Visigoths. Death of Valens, Eastern Emperor.
[B]379 [/B]- Theon, Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician, last known curator of the museum and father of Hypatia.
[B](379-381)[/B] - 2nd phase of Gothic war spreads to western Balkans.
[B](379-395)[/B] - Reign of Theodosius I.
[u][b]The Syrian Issac founds the first monastery in Constantinople; similar institutions rapidly multiply; by 400 the monks were a power and a terror in the city, [/u][/b]playing a noisy role in the conflicts of patriarch with patriarch, and of patriarch with emperor. [Durant, p.62]
[B]380 [/B]- [B][U]The Emperor Gratian[/U][/B] [B][U]declares the Nicene Creed compulsory "on all the peoples subject to the governments of our clemency," and denounces as "mad and insane" the followers of other faiths. [/U][/B][Durant, , 1950, p.34]
[B]382 [/B]- Peace treaty ends the war (Oct.3); Tervingi and Greuthungi settled in Balkans on relatively generous terms.
[B][U]The Emperor Gratian orders an end to payments by the imperial or municipal treastures for pagan ceremonies, vestal virgins, or priests; confiscates all lands belonging to temples and priestly colleges; and orders his agents to remove the statue of the goddess of victory from the Senate. Banishment of Symmachus from Rome.[/U][/B] [Durant, 1950, p.34]
[B](382-391)[/B] - Altar of Victory removed from Senate. Controversy between Ambrose and Symmachus. [Durant, 1950, p.2; Freeman, 1999, p.430]
[B]385 [/B]- A Spanish bishop, Priscillian, is accused by two bishops of preaching Manicheism and universal celibacy. Tried before the usurping Emperor Maximus at Trier, found guility, and [B]burned at the stake[/B] along with several of his companions. [Durant, 1950, p.47]
[u][b]Theodosius orders the closure of the Oracle of Delphi.[/u][/b] [Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[B]386 [/B]- More Greuthungi try to cross Danube; defeated by Theodosius and settled on harsh terms in Asia Minor.
[B]387 [/B]- Baptism of St. Augustine.
[B]387/388 -[/B] Theodosius I defeats Maximus; Balkan Goths involved in war and some revolt.
[b]388[/b] - Augustinian order founded in North Africa.
Destruction of a Jewish synagogue by a Christian mob. Theodosius orders the local bishop to rebuild it. Relents under pressure from Ambrose. [u][b]End of religious tolerance in practice. [/u][/b][Freeman, 1999, p429]
[B](389-461)[/B] - St. Patrick.
[b](390-459)[/b] - Life of Simeon Stylites, famous Syrian ascetic.
[B]390 [/B]- Massacare of 7,000 men, women, and children in the Hippodrome by Theosodius. [Durant, 1950, p.26]
Penance of Theodosius: strips himself of all the insignia of the empire, enters a cathedral as a humble penitent, and begs heaven to forgive his sins.
[B]390s[/B] - [u][b]Disappearance of bath houses and gymnasia. [/u][/b]
"The [i]Gymnasia[/i], centers of intellectual as much as sporting activities, had disappeared by the 390s. "it was the collapse of the [i]Gymnasia[/i], the focal point of Hellenism, more than any other event which brought int the Middle Ages," as one scholar has put it. Bath houses also disappear. At Hieriopolis in Asia the bath house becomes a church." [Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[B]391[/B] - [u][b]Edict of Theodosius prohibits pagan sacrifice.[/u][/b]
[B]391/2[/B] - In Alexandria, Egypt, pagans, led by the philosopher Olympius, revolt and after some street fights they lock themselves inside the fortified temple of the god Serapis (the Serapeion). [u][B]After a violent siege, the Christians take over the building, demolish it, burn its famous library and profane the cult images. [/B][/u] [Durant, 1950, p.61; Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[u][b]"In Syria the pagan temples were disposed of in the manner of Theophilus. Imperial edicts ordered them closed;[/u][/b] the surviving pagans resisted the order but resigned themselves to defeat on noting the indifference with which their gods accepted destruction." [Durant, p.62]
[B]392[/B] - Assassination of Valentinian II in Gaul.
[B](392-394)[/B] - Reign of Eugenius as Western Emperor, usurper. Restores statue of Victory. Defeated in a two-day battle near Aquileia by Theodosius. Balkan Goths again involved in war and further revolt.
[B]393/4[/B] - [B][U]The Olympic Games are outlawed[/U][/B] by Theodosius.
(???) - Epicureanism outlawed. [Durant, 1950, p.9]
[B]394 [/B]- Theodosius compels the Senate to [u][b]issue a decree abolishing paganism in all its forms.[/u][/b] [Durant, 1950, p.35]
"The building of the great temple to Apollo at the oracle of Didyma ceases ("templates" for the shapes of column bases are still to be seen on the temple walls). At Aphrodisias the great temple to Aphrodite is given an apse as it is transformed into a Christian church." [Freeman, 1999, p.429]
[B](394-423)[/B] - Reign of Honorius as Western Emperor.
[B](395-408)[/B] - Reign of Arcadius as Eastern Emperor.
[B]395/396[/B] - First major Hunnic attack on Roman Empire, via Caucasus (Persian Empire also heavily affected).
[B](395-411)[/B] -[B] Alaric reigns over Tervingi and those Greuthungi encompassed by 382 treaty.[/B]
[B](395-397)[/B] - Alaric's 1st revolt.
[B]395[/B] - [U][B]End of Eleusian Mysteries[/B].[/U] Two new edicts (22nd July and 7th August) cause new persecutions against pagans. Rufinus, the eunuch Prime Minister of Emperor Flavius [B]Arcadius[/B] directs the hordes of baptised Goths (led by Alaric) to the country of the Hellenes. [B][I]Encouraged by Christian monks[/I] the barbarians sack and burn many cities[/B] (Dion, Delphi, Megara, Corinth, Pheneos, Argos, Nemea, Lycosoura, Sparta, Messene, Phigaleia, Olympia, etc.), slaughter or enslave innumerable gentile Hellenes and burn down all the temples.[B] Among others, they burn down the Eleusinian Sanctuary and burn alive all its priests (including the hierophant of Mithras [I]Hilarius[/I]). [/B][Durant, 1950, p.9]
[B]397[/B] - [I]Confessions[/I] of St. Augustine.
Treaty between Alaric and Eutropius; Alaric becomes Roman general commanding Illyricum.
[B]399 [/B]- Fall of Eutropius; end of treaty.
[B]400 [/B]- [I]Saturnalia[/I] of Macrobius.