Novi europski izazov: Kako postati melting pot?

[Königin Luise von Preußen]

Ivana Kuhar
Washington
17/05/2006
Novi europski izazov: Kako postati melting pot? (http://www.voanews.com/croatian/archive/2006-05/2006-05-17-voa8.cfm)


http://www.voanews.com/croatian/images/worldmap_us_europe_28may03_150_russian2.gif
Pitanje imigracije je u posljednje vrijeme glavna tema rasprava na obje strane Atlantika. U Sjedinjenim Državama - predsjednik Bush je u ponedjeljak predstavio paket mjera kojima će vlada pokušati riješiti pitanje ilegalnog useljavanja, poglavito useljenika iz zemalja Latinske Amerike. U Europi se već duže vrijeme raspravlja o boljoj integraciji muslimanske manjine u društva određenih europskih država. Iako se problem imigracije razlikuje u Sjedinjenim Državama i Europskoj uniji, skupina stručnjaka – koja se ovog tjedna sastala na konferenciji u Washingtonu – tvrdi kako će imigranti i dalje igrati ključnu ulogu u budućnosti i Sjedinjenih Država i Europe.

Migracije su oduvijek bile sastavni dio ljudskih društava, zaključili su sudionici na konferenciji u Washingtonu koja je okupila stručnjake i političare s obje strane Atlantika. Novija povijest pokazuje kako se – od sredine 18. stoljeća do sredine 20. stoljeća – emigracija odnosila uglavnom na Europu. Europska unija danas procjenjuje kako se tijekom tog razdoblja 70 milijuna Europljana odlučilo naseliti u drugim dijelovima svijeta.

American-Muslims in Dallas Demonstrate Against Terrorism
Manifestacija američkih muslimana u Dallasu
http://www.voanews.com/croatian/images/dallas_muslims_against_terrorism_0.jpg
Danas se taj trend okreće u suprotnom smjeru - budući da većina ljudi imigrira u Europu, umjesto dosadašnjeg trenda iseljavanja. Austrijska veleposlanica u Sjedinjenim Državama, Ewa Novotny, ističe kako je trend useljavanja u Europu započeo pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća: "Posljednjih 60 godina, Europa, i osobito Austrija, su bile svojevrsno prvo utočište i prva stanica za ljude koji su se iseljavali iz Sovjetskog Saveza."

Tijekom tog istog razdoblja, bogate zapadnoeuropske zemlje su postale dom milijunima privremenih 'gostujućih radnika'. Ovi 'gostujući radnici', porijeklom iz siromašnijih istočnoeuropskih i balkanskih država, došli su u potrazi za boljim ekonomskim prilikama, no rijetko su bili potpuno integrirani u matična zapadna društva.

Militants of the far-right National Front party, holding French flags march in Paris

http://www.voanews.com/croatian/images/ap_France_militants_march_on_may_day_eng_195_1may061.jpg
Manifestacija Nacionalnog fronta u Parizu
Jonathan Faull, predstavnik Europske komisije, ističe kako je Zapadna Europa smatrala 'gostujuće radnike' prolaznom pojavom, misleći kako će 'gostujući radnici' nakon završetka posla napustiti zemlju i kako su to ljudi koji nemaju potrebu niti želju asimilirati se u matično društvo određene zapadnoeuropske države. Jonathan Faull tvrdi kako su nedavni prosvjedi mladih Muslimana u Parizu, zatim nasilni prosvjedi oko objavljenih karikatura muslimanskog proroka Muhameda, te ubojstvo nizozemskog redatelja koji je kritizirao muslimanski tretman žena – služe kao 'alarm' Europljanima kako moraju učiniti više kako bi novopridošle useljenike integrirali u matično društvo.

Jonathan Faull dodaje kako Europska unija danas užurbano radi na kreiranju zakona koji bi omogućili bržu asimilaciju novih građana: "Cilj nam je kohezivno društvo, koje se temelji na prihvaćanju raznolikosti – kulturnih i religijskih – no, naravno, s jasnom granicom koju određuju zakoni i opće vrijednosti Europske unije."

2005.godine, velika većina od milijun i 700 tisuća novih useljenika u Europskoj uniji je došla iz islamskih zemalja. Reiner Muenz, pri Organizaciji za istraživanje migracija, sa sjedištem u Hamburgu, ističe kako trend starenja europskog stanovništva i europski niski natalitet iziskuju dolazak radnika iz drugih zemalja. Reiner Muenz dodaje kako je upravo imigracija danas glavni izvor rasta populacije Europske unije: "U 2005.godini, prirast stanovništva Europske unije je bio otprilike 2 milijuna, od čega 85 posto otpada na imigraciju."

Ako se trenutni demografski trend u Europskoj uniji nastavi, a imigracija ne pomogne društveni prirast, do 2050.godine ova regija će izgubiti 57 milijuna ljudi, radno aktivna demografska skupina će se smanjiti za 88 milijuna ljudi, a radna snaga će se smanjiti za 66 milijuna, kaže Reiner Muenz. On dodaje kako je osim Europske unije, Rusija drugo središte gravitacije imigranata u Europi: "Rusija je postala – nakon Sjedinjenih Država – drugi najveći primatelj useljenika u svijetu. Rusija danas ima otprilike 15 milijuna ljudi koji su stranog porijekla."

Sjedinjene Države i dalje ipak predvode kao odredište useljenika. U 2005.godini, u Sjedinjene Države se uselio 1 milijun novih useljenika, uglavnom iz zemalja Latinske Amerike. Profesor Marcelo Suarez sa Sveučilišta New York, kaže kako ovo znači svojevrsnu 'meksikanizaciju imigracije u obećanu zemlju' i objašnjava: "Više od polovice novih imigranata danas dolazi iz Latinske Amerike. Samo 13.7 posto novih imigranata u Sjedinjenim Državama je porijeklom iz Europe. Do 1965.godine, useljenici iz Europe su činili 80 posto."

Američki Ured za popis stanovništva predviđa kako će do 2050.godine pola američke populacije sačinjavati etničke manjine. Upravo se zbog toga političari s obje strane Atlantika susreću s izazovom pronalaženja načina na koji će se imigranti lakše asimilirati u postojeći sustav vrijednosti njihovih novih država. I predsjednik Bush je, u svom obraćanju naciji u ponedjeljak, govorio o američkom melting pot – 'loncu za taljenje' odnosno 'mješavini nacija', u kojem novi useljenici i domaća populacija postaju jedna nacija s osjećajem za zajedničku pripadnost, vrijednosti i identitet.

[Königin Luise von Preußen]

Melting pot (disambiguation).
The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.

Melting pot, another name for a crucible, is used as a metaphor for the development of homogeneous societies.

• 1 Origins of the term
• 2 United States
o 2.1 Whiteness and the US melting pot
• 3 Melting pot, cultural pluralism, multiculturalism
o 3.1 Multiculturalist view
o 3.2 Assimilationist view
o 3.3 A compromise between multiculturalists and assimilationists?
• 4 Melting pot in Brazil
• 5 Melting pot in Israel
• 6 Soviet Union
• 7 The melting pot in pop culture
• 8 Quotations
• 9 References
• 10 External links
• 11 See also

Origins of the term
In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the metaphor of a "crucible" or "(s)melting pot" was used to describe the fusion of different nationalities, ethnicities and cultures. It was used together with concepts of America as an ideal republic and a "city upon a hill" or new promised land. It was a metaphor for the idealized process of immigration and colonization by which different nationalities, cultures and "races" (a term that could encompass nationality, ethnicity and race) were to blend into a new, virtuous community, and it was connected to utopian visions of the emergence of an American "new man". The exact term "melting pot" came into general usage in 1908, after the premiere of the play The Melting Pot by Israel Zangwill.
An early use in American literature of the concept of immigrants "melting" into the receiving culture may be found in the writings of J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. In his Letters from an American Farmer (1782) Crevecoeur writes, in response to his own question, "What then is the American, this new man?" that the American is one who "leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. He becomes an American by being received in the broad lap of our great Alma Mater. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world."
“ "…whence came all these people? They are a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes... What, then, is the American, this new man? He is neither a European nor the descendant of a European; hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. . . . The Americans were once scattered all over Europe; here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared." − J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer. ”
In 1845, Ralph Waldo Emerson, alluding to the development of European civilization out of the Great Migration of the Dark Ages, wrote in his private journal of America as the Utopian product of a culturally and racially mixed "smelting pot", but only in 1912 were his remarks first published. In his writing, Emerson explicitly welcomed the racial intermixing of whites and non-whites, a highly controversial view during his lifetime.
In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner also used the metaphor of immigrants melting into one American culture. In his essay The Significance of the Frontier in American History, he referred to the "composite nationality" of the American people, arguing that the frontier had functioned as a "crucible" where "the immigrants were Americanized, liberated and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics."
In his 1905 travel narrative The American Scene, Henry James refers to cultural intermixing in New York City as a "fusion, as of elements in solution in a vast hot pot."[1].
The exact term "melting pot" came into general usage after it was used as a metaphor describing a fusion of nationalities, cultures and ethnicities in the United States after the term was used in the 1908 play of the same name, first performed in Washington, D.C., where the immigrant protagonist declared: "Understand that America is God's Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming! A fig for your feuds and vendettas! Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians—into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot

[Königin Luise von Preußen]

CROATIAN IMMIGRATION AND EXPLORATION

CROATIA AND CROATIANS

In order to understand the history, culture and people of Croatia, one must first be aware that Croatia was ruled, administered, conquered, and federated with Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary and the Protectorate of Hungary, Italy, Turkey, the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) for up to 900 years. Croatia was partitioned at the same time for up to 400 years between Austria, Hungary, Venice and Turkey. On Croatian territory we have Catholics, Moslems (Ethnic Croatians), Jews, Orthdox, Grko Catholics and some Protestants. Further, Croatia has a Croatian ethnic majority, a Serbian minority (5%) that migrated to Croatian territory, Hungarians and Italians. An individual with a desire to study the history, culture and people of Croatia would out of necessity have to read portions of Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish and Italian history.
About Croatian Immigration
Croatian immigration would have the same considerations as above. Croatians have migrated for over 300 years. Prior to the discovery of America, Croatians migrated to (and were taken into slavery) Turkey, Austria, Italy, Venice, Spain and to other parts of Western Europe. Croatian Galleons were in regular trade with Spain, Portugal, France, England, Italy and the Ottoman Turks prior to the discovery of America. Croatian immigration to the New World started with their participation in Spanish, Portuguese, and Venetian fleet and mercantile operations.
When Croatians migrated they left as nationals or citizens of Austria, Italy-Venice, Hungary or Turkey. Ethnically they were always Croatians, but in immigration Croatians were identified by America, Canada, South America, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia as above or in recent times as Yugoslavs and were recorded as such.
Misidentified Croatians
Because of a lack of a Nation-State, Croatians were in most cases identified by the country that ruled them and were not accorded a place in history. Almost all Croatians that made a contribution to any endeavor were misidentified. A few examples: John Dominis-Gospodnetich--Italian, Venetian--Prince Consort to last Queen of Hawaii, Queen Lilioukalani. Origins were from Island of Brac, Croatia; Joseph Haydn-Hajdin--famous Austrian composer. Origins were Croatian; Marco Polo-Pilich--Venetian explorer to China. Origins were Sibenik, Croatia, born on Island of Korcula, Croatia; Peter Tomich--Austrian. Medal of Honor winner, Pearl Harbor. Born Croatian in Hercegovina; Ferdinand Konscak-Gonzaga--Austrian. A Priest, proved California was not an island. Origin was Varazdin, Croatia; Bozo de Raguza..Hungarian. Voyage of exploration in South America, 1520’s. Origin Croatia.
Croatian Language
Serbo-Croatian was the term used in the English speaking world for the Croatian language since the end of World War 1 (1918); prior to the formation of Yugoslavia and the end of WW I, Croatia and Serbia had never been historically united, they were simply Slavic neighbors. Croatians formalized their alphabet in approximately 1850 with the use of a diacritical-accent mark system.
Croatians coming to America, based on circumstance of where they came from in Croatia, had their names modified on passports. A good example would be that in the Italian alphabet there is no “K”, so those named Kristovic from Dalmatia or Istria would be registered as Christovich on their passport. Some from Dalmatia or Istria would also use two versions of their name for business reasons such as Mladinic-Mladineo, Marijanovic-Mariani.
An accent or diacritical mark was used by the Croatian language. So, a persons name could have been modified to conform to the Italian, Austrian or Hungarian alphabet or language. Then again changed by American authorities to conform to English. Many Croatians also had Clan names (Nadimak) that were a legitimate part of their name, and some immigrants used their clan name as it may have been easily pronounced in America
Coming to America
The first Croatian imigrants migrated to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Texas. This started approximately 200 years ago. They actually migrated to Spanish and French America which is now part of America. In the South they were fishermen, oystermen, mariners, and business men. They were in Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile Bay, Alabama and in Plaquemines Parish and New Orleans, Louisiana. In fact, four military companies of Croatians were organized in the Confederate Army. A Croatian Society and Cemetery was organized in 1873 in New Orleans.
With the discovery of gold in California, many left the South for the goldfields of California. They arrived in 1849. They were goldminers, mariners, fishermen, bartenders, saloon and coffee saloon keepers, restaurant owners, fruit, liquor and fish suppliers. The Croatians could be found in all goldmining areas of California and silvermining areas of Nevada. With the collapse of the mines, they purchased farmland and were pioneers in wineries, vineyards, and orchards. The first Croatian Society and Cemetery was organized in 1857 in San Francisco. Some of these Croatians settled in Nevada, Arizona, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Alaska and on the west coast of Canada.
The majority of the above Croatians came from Dalmatia and Istria with a strong Venetian-Italian influence. The Venetians called them Schiavoni or “Slavonians” rather than Croati-Croatians so that they would not rebel and join their inland Croatian brothers. In many cases “Slavonian” was used in the West and South....this became an Americanism and had no relationship to Slavonia in Croatia.
Croatians immigrating to the East and Midwest came during the Industrial Revolution of the 1870’s and settled in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, and West Virginia. The majority were employed in steel mills, coalmining, mining, packing houses and other types of heavy industry. They came with a strong sense and feeling of their Croatian heritage. They formed societies, clubs, social clubs and singing and tamburitza instrument groups. The first Croatian Society was formed in 1894 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Croatians seeking work later moved into Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico and Utah. They worked in open or strip mining enterprises.
In all communities where they settled they formed benevolent societies and cultural societies.

CROATIANS IN AMERICA
Books about Croatians
Islands of Brac-Korcula-Krk-Mljet-Olib and Istria
Directories
By States California-Louisiana-Nevada
Pioneer Index California
Biographies
Guidebooks-Newspapers-Statistics
Bibliographies
Gold and Silver Mines and Miners
Fish and Fishing
Hawaii-Dominis-Gospodnetich
Oil Discovery Texas-California
Military-Marine
Music-Festivals
Religion
Slavs-Eastern Europeans-Immigrants
Sports
Wine
Yugoslavs
Miscellaneous America

CROATIANS IN AMERICA
Books
http://www.croatians.com/croatia_and_croatians.htm

[Königin Luise von Preußen]

posto je izvorna rijec "Melting Pot" upotrijebljena za Ameriku odnosno sjevernu Ameriku, a ja je prvi puta cula u skoli u 80im godinama u njemackoj, gdje je se koristila za gradove vecine od 7 miliona stavnonika kao naprimjer London ili New York, uzimam sada komentare sa dva razlicita foruma "bivse multi-narodne, vjestacke tvorevine Jugoslavije", i to njezine ex-republike Bosne-Hercegovine i Hrvatske.. evo ovako se rijec koristi "sada" - nakon rata.. na svim kartama Europe je se za vrijeme domovinskog rata na podruciju bivse Jugoslavije ostavilo podrucije neoznaceno, jer je kao krizno podrucije spadalo u status izuzetnog stanja.. govorilo je se samo o Ex-Jugoslaviji manje vise..

Sa jednog Bosansko-Hercegovackog foruma:

Melting Pot - multi etnicko drustvo, mix svega i svacega

melting pot, kotao u kojem topimo mnostvo raznih elemenata da bi dobili jednu jedinstvenu cjelinu, medjutim ako se ti elementi opet pojedinacno izvuku iz cjeline, oni vise nisu ono sto su bili.

gdje je taj momenat gdje gubimo kulturu?
i oupce kako gledate na to mijesanje kultura i tradicija? sta je ono sto proizilazi iz toga?


Melting Pot je koncept koji je odavno postao irelevantan. Pokusaj stvaranja jedne homogene cjeline (putem drzavnih institucija, uglavnom) u imigracionim sredinama (citaj Amerika). Koncept je zasnovan na binarnoj hijerarhiji, jedni koji vise vrijede i drugi koji su "zaostali" te institucije imaju zadatak da resocijalizuju "zaostale". Taj koncept nema mnogo zajednicko sa danasnjim post-modernistickim pravcima koji se odlikuju raznovrsnosti, multikulturalnosti i negiranju hijerarhije. A sta se desava sa "nasom" kulturom je malo pitanje. Kultura nije staticna, nikada nije ni bila, ona se uvijek mijenja.


pitanje nije bilo sta se desava sa "nasom" kulturom - ne zanimaju me definicije, koliko pogledi na (ne)njegovanje sopstvene kulture i tradicije (ali opet ne "nase" specificno), sta se desava/ostaje nakon sto covjek izgubi taj kulturoloski dio sebe i postane nesto sto vise ne moze biti izvuceno iz "jedinjenja"

Ne moze se izgubiti kulturoloski dio sebe. Kad bi se izgubio, covjek vise ne bi bio covjek vec zivotinja.


za mijesanje kultura i tradicija je potreba TOLERANCIJA.
ja je ovdje vidim sve manje

sa jednog hrvatskog foruma o temi „Melting Pot“

Jurica je samo opet otkrio "toplu vodu". Naravno da je bitak svake nacije/naroda, (možeš to zvati kulturom ili kako već hoćeš) odnosno ono što ga određuje kao naciju, mix raznih unutarnjih i vanjskih elemenata koji su se u povijesnim prilikama i neprilikama vezivali i stapali u nešto jedinstveno i specifično upravo za dotični narod. To je tako svugdje u svijetu pa i u maloj Hrvatskoj. Nema tu nešto novo, tj. nešto na čeg je vrijedilo trošiti papir. Hrvati su malo sjevernije i zapadnije te stoga u svojoj kulturi imaju više latinskih, germanskih (pa i nordijskih elementa poput bakalara), a Makedonci npr. imaju više kulturnih elementa s bliskog istoka (baklave i sl.). A zašto ima necivilizarnih ksenofoba u državnoj firmi koja bi trebala pokazatelj civiliziranosti jednog naroda ili pak super-civiliziranih malih ljudi u najvećoj vukojebini - tu nema odgovora. Isto se može naći i kod Francuza ili Danaca ili ne znam već gdje. Karakter se ne mijenja sa stručnom spremom. Sve skupa - ovo po meni nije bilo vrijedno objavljivanja u najčitanijem subotnjem izdanju.


Za Pavičića nije dobro kada jedeš samo domaću hranu jer si onda ksenofob, ni kada jedeš "stranu" hranu jer si onda...pa nisam baš razumio iz texta šta si onda. Možda schiavon, koji naravno ima pežorativno značenje, no to je sasvim u skladu s onim što Jurica osjeća prema svome narodu. Zamislite, imati svoju zemlju, kako to sugerira kolačić u avionu, je uvrjedljivo za Novaka i Juricu. Što se uopće čudim? Sve je to ista bratija...

jasno je, kako je sve relativno.. anglicizam u hrvatskom rijecniku je se prozeo, kao i u Bosansko-Srpsko-Hrvatskom rijecniku tog mixa Bosne i Hercegovine (sad pogotovo nakon raspada bivse S.F.R.J.)

Sociologija - sam pojam zahtjeva znanstveni pristup kojim se putem metoda iztraziva drustvo. Jedna definicija se treba uzet u obzir i prema podatcima reprezentativne statiske obrazloziti.
Zato kazem:
Dobro bih bilo razjasniti pojam "Melting Pot" i pojam znacenja jedne "vjestacke tvorevine multi-nacionalne bivse S.F.R.Jugoslavije" - te se odluciti iztrazivati makro-sociolosku strukturu ili mikro-sociolosku strukturu nekog podrucija, neke cijeline. Povuci crtu pod zavrsetak vremena trajanja Jugoslavije, uzeti u obzir Domovinski obrambeni rat, te vidjeti koja struktura "nakon" rata se ocituje. Pitanje je moze li se govoriti o Hrvatskom melting potu - bez referencije na povijesno znacenje sustava federacije Jugoslavije i njenih republika.. ili ne?

[Gull]

Melting pot a.k.a. Bosanski lonac